nalanda university was founded by

However, other than the mention of Nalanda, Jaina texts do not provide further details, nor were they written down for nearly a millennium after Mahavira's death. All the monasteries at Nalanda are very similar in layout and general appearance. They wipe their bodies, then wrap this 5 foot long and 1.5 foot wide sheet around the waist, change their clothes with this wrap in place. This suggests that the region around Nalanda in Magadha had a human settlement centuries before the birth of the Mahavira and the Buddha. (415-455 CE). The historical development of the site testifies to the development of Buddhism into a religion and the flourishing of monastic and educational traditions. They gifted the land to Lord Buddha, who preached under a Pvrikmbavana (mango grove of Pavarika) for several years. Odantapura was founded by Gopala, the progenitor of the royal line, only 9.7 kilometres (6mi) from Nalanda. Chandra and final ASI team leaders noted that the "long row of monasteries extend further into the modern village of Bargaon" and the "extent of entire monastic establishment can only be determined by future excavations". There are fictional stories in Tibetan texts for post-12th-century era too, with names of ahistorical and unverifiable "kings", "sages", "arsonists", "thousands of new Buddhist monasteries and temples" and "Muslim robbers murdering a king". The ancient Nalanda University was established by Kumaragupta somewhere between 5 and 6 BCE. [33], When Faxian, a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim monk, visited the city of Nalanda, there probably was no university yet. [119], Tibetan tradition holds that there were "four doxographies" (Standard Tibetan: grub-mtha) which were taught at Nalanda:[135], In the 7th century, Xuanzang recorded the number of teachers at Nalanda as being around 1510. Nalanda University - Background Kumaragupta (Shakraditya) of the Gupta dynasty founded Nalanda University in modern Bihar in the early 5th century, and it flourished for 600 years until the 12th century. Later the Kumargupta I's successors extended the patronage of institution, expanded it and also built many monasteries and temples. century, via the Smithsonian, Washington D.C. Legend has it that Nalanda University land was purchased for 10, (old currency form) of gold pieces by five hundred merchants. [168] It is also an important stop on the Buddhist tourism circuit. In its mature years, Nalanda was recognised as a world-famous university with all sorts of amenities comprising 2000 teachers and 10,000 students. Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang came during Harsha's reign, gave a detailed account of Nalanda University. The entire procedure, says Yijing, is explained in the Buddhist Nikaya procedures. Chapter 10 of Dharmasvamin's biography describes Nalanda in c. 1235 CE. [6] It is about 80 kilometres (50mi) northeast of Bodh Gaya another important Buddhist site in Bihar. Therefore, the monks took to learning so that they might practice it and realise Dhamma perfectly and thereby enrich the masses. than todays American Ivy League colleges. As the hallmarks of the ancient Nalanda were its diversity, a knowledge ecosystem thriving on shared creation of new knowledge and an international outlook, these remain as the essence of the new Nalanda University as well. The Indonesian bronzes and votive tablets from this period show the creativity of its people, yet the iconographic themes overlap with those found at Nalanda and nearby region. It is useful because Dharmasvamin met the fleeing monks and famous scholars during his studies from about mid 1200s to 1226, he had learnt Indian languages and Sanskrit, he walked to and stayed in Nepal starting in 1226 and visited Bihar about 1234, including spending one monsoon season in Nalanda. [140], The scholar Dharmakirti (c.7th century), one of the Buddhist founders of Indian philosophical logic, as well as one of the primary theorists of Buddhist atomism, taught at Nalanda. Dharmapala was a native of Kanchipuram and he became the head of the Nalanda University. These efforts were not merely digging, observation and cataloging of discoveries, they included conservation, restoration and changes to the site such as drainage to prevent damage to unearthed floors. According to its colophon it was donated by the mother of the great pandita Sri Asoka in the second year of the reign of King Surapala, at the very end of the 11th century. The observatories seem to be lost in the vapours (of the morning), and the upper rooms tower above the clouds. At Nalanda University, my Repertory Group with Vice-Chancellor Dr. Sunaina Singh - 12/1/2023. If the monks had some business, they would assemble to discuss the matter. [89] Among the Tibetan records, the most useful is the biography of the Tibetan monk-pilgrim, Dharmasvamin discovered in 1936 and in bsdus-yig style, Tibetan script. [97], Tibetan texts such as the 18th-century work named Pag sam jon zang and 16th/17th-century Taranatha's account include fictional Tibetan legends. Additional Information. [2], The remains of Nalanda today extend some 488 metres (1,600ft) north to south and around 244 metres (800ft) east to west. If there was a difference of opinion on a certain issue, they would give reason to convince (the other group). A number of scholars have associated some Mahayana texts such as the Shurangama Sutra, an important sutra in East Asian Buddhism, with the Buddhist tradition at Nalanda. Nalanda was destroyed three times but was rebuilt only twice. He adopted the title of Mahendraditya 19 Thirupathi B.Tech Aerospace Engineer in Provide Best Knowledge, Lovely Professional University (LPU) (Graduated 2021) Author has 1.1K answers and 4M answer views 1 y Related Which ruler founded Nalanda University? While Henry Heras identifies Sakraditya as Gupta emperor Kumargupta I (415-455 CE). At this time, only the abbot Shilabhadra had studied all the major collections of sutras and shastras at Nalanda. It is designated as an Institute of National Importance (INI) and excellence. It was founded by the Gupta ruler, Kumaragupta-I in about 427 BC and it was later supported by the Buddhist emperors Harshabardhana and Pala Emperors. Nalanda University also known as Nalanda International University is a Central University located in the town of Rajgir, Bihar. [109], An Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra manuscript preserved at the Tsethang monastery has superbly painted and well preserved wooden covers and 139 leaves. Other historical figures associated with Nalanda include: After its decline, Nalanda was largely forgotten until Francis Buchanan-Hamilton surveyed the site in 18111812 after locals in the vicinity drew his attention to a vast complex of ruins in the area. Nalanda stands out as the most ancient university of the Indian Subcontinent. 14 What is VC University? , via The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Each monastery and temple of Nalanda University was assigned different purposes and had ranging religious affiliations, namely, . The pupils were servants following a noble pursuit and. Scholars such as Andrea Pinkney and Hartmut Scharfe conclude that Shakraditya is same as Kumaragupta I. A 10th-century stone inscription notes a destruction by fire and subsequent restoration at the Mahavihara during the reign of, Matthew Kapstein (1990), Mahamudra: The Quintessence of Mind and Meditation Review, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol 13, Number 1, pp. She is a student of History and Anthropology. They are inconsistent with the much lower numbers (over 3000) given by Yijing, another Chinese pilgrim who visited Nalanda a few decades later. 2. However, several students and faculty have dropped out because it is situated on the rural outskirts of Rajgir, disconnected by two hours from the capital city of Patna. [5][6] Considered by historians to be the world's first residential university[7] and among the greatest centers of learning in the ancient world, it was located near the city of Rajagriha (now Rajgir) and about 90 kilometres (56mi) southeast of Pataliputra (now Patna). An Emperor from the Gupta Dynasty ordered the construction of a six-level pavilion and installation of a twenty-four-meter high copper Buddha. According to Xuanzang, Harsha was a third generation Hindu king from the Vaishya caste, who built majestic Buddhist viharas, as well as three temples Buddha, Surya and Shiva, all of the same size. It was a completely residential university believed to have2,000 teachers and 10,000 students. The image's pedestal features fragments of the only surviving exhibit of mural painting at Nalanda.[160]. There was not a commercial value associated with the sanctity of knowledge. The temple was originally a small structure which was built upon and enlarged by later constructions. He was a famous Gupta emperor. There was no use of beating or thumping to announce his case. These include: Nalanda is a popular tourist destination in the state attracting a number of Indian and overseas visitors. Is Nalanda University still running? At the fourth EA Summit held in October 2009, at Hua Hin, Thailand, more members affirmed the merit of establishing the Nalanda University and encouraged the idea of regional networking and collaboration between the University and existing centers of excellence in East Asia. Only the Tibetan and his nonagenarian instructor stayed behind and hid themselves while the rest of the monks fled. He founded the university in the 5th Century AD. Legend has it that Nalanda University land was purchased for 10 kotis (old currency form) of gold pieces by five hundred merchants. [51] He was warmly welcomed in Nalanda where he received the Indian name of Mokshadeva[52] and studied under the guidance of Shilabhadra, the venerable head of the institution at the time. 5 22. (monasteries) survived the brutality of the Turks; also, only the bordering walls with eastern and western gates were left intact. Kumargupta founded Nalanda University in the 5th century A.D . The total number of known rooms and their small size is such that either the number of monks must have been far less than Xuanzang's claims or the Nalanda site was many times larger than numerous excavations have so far discovered and what Xuanzang describes. Download Image. It was founded by Kumaragupta I during the Gupta period. This destruction is corroborated by three sources, which are congruent but contain uncertainties that raise some questions as well a minor dispute about the exact date. Mahayana monks Asanga and Vasubandhu are said to have found Nalanda in 5th century AD. Minaj-i-Siraj describes the burning of 9 million scripts and the campus building of Nalanda: Thousands of monks were burned alive and thousands beheaded as Khilji tried his best to uproot Buddhism. [124] All students at Nalanda studied Mahayana, as well as the texts of the eighteen (Hinayana) sects of Buddhism. Manasa, Snake Goddess Bronze Figurine, produced at Nalanda, 750, via The British Museum, London (right), Chinese monk Hiuen Tsang notes that the intellectual flow of knowledge flourished in Nalanda after the 3, centuries AD. A bill proposing the revival of 1,600-year-old Nalanda was passed in Indian Parliament in 2010. It includes stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings) and important art works in stucco, stone and metal. [169], The Xuanzang Memorial Hall is an Indo-Chinese undertaking to honour the famed Buddhist monk and traveller. Sambhota is credited with applying the principles of Sanskrit and its grammar to remodel Tibetan language and its script. During the reign of Gupta monarch Sakraditya (Kumaragupta I), the historic Nalanda University was founded in 427 AD. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The influence extended to the Indonesian Shailendra dynasty. Hundreds of other archaeological shreds of evidence were dug up near Nalanda: clay seals, terracotta ornaments, and metal figurines of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist icons. The pupils were servants following a noble pursuit and Buddha himself compared the dedication level of the teacher to the love a father has for his son. The Nalanda University was founded by which Gupta ruler mentioned as Shakraditya? It survived political waves, the rise and fall of civilizations, religious wars, and the birth of intellectual greats for almost a millennium before the Turks destroyed it. [8][31], Chapter 2.7 of the Jaina text Sutrakritanga states that Nalanda is a "suburb" of capital Rajagriha, has numerous buildings, and this is where Mahavira (6th/5th century BCE) spent fourteen varshas a term that refers to a traditional retreat during monsoons for the monks in Indian religions. Nalanda University accepted students of reaching nationalities, including from neighboring regions such as Korea, Japan, China, Indonesia, and even farther countries like Iran, Greece, Mongolia. Bhagavad Gita, a holy script of Puranic Brahmanism, systematically charged at the epistemological learning of Nalanda. The subjects taught at Nalanda covered every field of learning, and it attracted pupils and scholars from Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia and Turkey. Historical sources indicate that the University had a long and illustrious life which lasted almost continually for 800 years from the fifth to the twelfth century CE. Nalanda University was established in 427 AD in northeastern India, close to Nepal's southern border, and lasted until 1197. [12] [13] Over some 750 years, its faculty included some of the most revered scholars of Mahayana Buddhism. According to Korean records, monks visited India through the ninth century despite arduous travel challenges to study at various monasteries, and Nalanda was the most revered. The Nalanda University was founded by Gupta emperor Kumargupta I. He gives many examples. [25] A Buddhist text Nikayasamgraha does state that emperor Ashoka established a vihara (monastery) at Nalanda. Rajgir Hills was identified and acquired to house its campus. [129][120], The exact number of volumes in the Nalanda library is not known, but it is estimated to have been in the hundreds of thousands. [154] Temple 2 was to the east. 140141, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, Donation of Balaputradeva, the king of Suvarnadvipa of Sailendra dynasty, List of Monuments of National Importance in Bihar, https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1502.pdf, https://www.aicte-india.org/downloads/ancient.pdf, "Four sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List", "The Seventeen Pandits of Nalanda Monastery", "Michael Henss: TIBET Monasteries Open Their Treasure Rooms", "Getting to Nava Nalanda Mahavihara (NNM), Nalanda", "Welcome to Nava Nalanda Mahavihara (NNM)", "Nalanda University starts today with 15 students, 11 faculty members", "The Ancient Indian University Which Is Taking Students Again After 800 Years! [142][143] Ron Epstein also notes that the general doctrinal position of the sutra does indeed correspond to what is known about the Buddhist teachings at Nalanda toward the end of the Gupta period when it was translated. The University is a research-intensive international university supported by the countries of the East Asia Summit. [125] According to Frazier, the Vedic studies included Vedic texts and ritual, but also the different theoretical disciplines associated with the limbs or the sciences of the Vedas, which included disciplines such as linguistics, law, astronomy and reasoning. This influential university was founded and supported by the Maitraka Dynasty. [2] In 1951, the Nava Nalanda Mahavihara (New Nalanda Mahavihara), a modern centre for Pali and Buddhism in the spirit of the ancient institution, was founded by the Government of Bihar near Nalanda's ruins at the suggestion of Rajendra Prasad, India's first president. [134], In his biography of Xuanzang, Hwui-Li states that all the students of Nalanda studied the Great Vehicle (Mahayana) as well as the works of the eighteen (Hinayana) sects of Buddhism. That link was established by Major Markham Kittoe in 1847. Combined with a lack of any archaeological discoveries of pre-400 CE monuments in Nalanda, the silence in Faxian's memoir suggests that Nalanda monastery-university did not exist around 400 CE. These have been carbon dated to about 1200 BCE. Modern-day Indologists and archeologists predict that the number ranged somewhere between 1000 to 4000. Operating from 427 until 1197 CE,[8][9] Nalanda played a vital role in promoting the patronage of arts and academics during the 5th and 6th century CE, a period that has since been described as the "Golden Age of India" by scholars. On 25 November 2010, the Indian government, through an Act of Parliament, 'resurrected' the ancient university through the Nalanda University Bill, with which they chose to create a new and unrelated Nalanda University relatively nearby. Nalanda flourished under the patronage of the Gupta Empire in the 5th and 6th centuries, and later under Harsha, the emperor of Kannauj. Kumargupta I is also known as Sakraditya. [171], Sculpted stucco panels on a tower, Stupa of Sariputta, Stucco Buddha Image at Nalanda, Stupa of Sariputta, People on second story of an excavated monastery, Monastery 4 with well and stepped platform, A post-8th century bronze statue of Buddha from Nalanda, Details on one of numerous votive stupas at the site. More info. Systematic excavations commenced in 1915, which unearthed eleven monasteries and six brick temples neatly arranged on grounds 12 hectares (30 acres) in area. [66], The Palas established themselves in eastern regions of India in mid-8th century and reigned until the last quarter of the 12th century. Western establishments like Oxford, Yale, Cambridge, Harvard, etc. [62][63], In and after the 7th century, Tibetan monks such as Thonmi Sambhota came to Nalanda and other Indian monasteries to study, not only Buddhism, but Sanskrit language, grammar and other subjects. [37], Xuanzang himself studied a number of these subjects at Nalanda under Shilabhadra and others. The courses offered at Nalanda included the study of scriptures of Mahayana and Hinayana Schools of Buddhism, Brahminical vedic texts . Some of its renowned professors were Dingnaga, Dharmapala, Sthiramati and Silabadhra. The gold found during his loots and raids of the Buddhist monasteries made him a hundred times richer. The Buddhist sculptures discovered notably include those of the Buddha in different postures, Avalokiteshvara, Jambhala, Manjushri, Marichi, and Tara. The remains in the sanctum suggest that the Buddha statue was around 24 metres (80ft) high. 12 Is Nalanda the oldest university in the world? The institute had higher educational standards than todays American Ivy League colleges. [112] After 1928, Kuraishi led two seasons of excavations, Chandra led the next four. Nalanda University Nalanda University was also patronised by other rulers like the Pala rulers from 8th Century C.E - 12th Century C.E. [69][70], Inscriptions, literary evidence, seals, and ruined artwork excavated at the Nalanda site suggest that Nalanda remained active and continued to thrive under the Palas. Brahmanical idols of Vishnu, Shiva-Parvathi, Ganesha, Mahishasura Mardini, and Surya have also been found in the ruins. Ratnodadhi was nine storeys high and housed the most sacred manuscripts including the Prajnyaparamita Sutra and the Guhyasamaja. nearby with the grace of many generations of Pala kings. Between 606-647 CE, Nalanda owned 200 villages nearby with the grace of many generations of Pala kings. Abdul Kalam mooted the idea of reviving the ancient Nalanda University while addressing the Bihar State Legislative Assembly in March 2006, the first step towards realizing the dream of reinventing the old Nalanda had been taken. Elverskog, relying on Arthur Waley's 1932 paper, states that this is confirmed by the fact a monk ordained in 13th-century Nalanda traveled to the court of Khubilai Khan. The final exams were conducted with the help of innovative modes: the students had to participate in debates/discussions with the gatekeepers, and their grading system was regulated by the satisfaction level of the examiners assessment. For example, the Taranatha account (, Nalanda's library with palm-leaf manuscripts did have incidences of fire damage in its history. We may even consider those to be the feasible solutions to a shared and sustainable future for all, not just Asia. Each attendee was expected to be attached-by-the-hip to their, for eight years and more. Murnavarman constructed an 24-metre-high (80ft) brass image of Buddha. Queen Kumardev of Srnth had attempted to restore Nalanda to its previous glory, but it was in vain. [116], The Archaeological Survey of India maintains a museum near the ruins for the benefit of visitors. The architecture of the Buddhist monastic center was similar to our modern university towns, which provide lodging and boarding for their students. The profound knowledge of Nalanda's teachers attracted scholars from places as distant as China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, and South East Asia. The panels of another temple illustrated motifs of Hindu gods and goddesses. Download. He was a seventh-century emperor with a capital at Kannauj (Kanyakubja). were renowned for their academic excellence. Tibetan Buddhism is not an invention of the Tibetans. The most detailed accounts have come from Chinese scholars and the best known of these is Xuan Zang who carried back many hundred scriptures which were later translated into Chinese. [96], The third evidence is the discovery of thick layer of ashes and charcoal discovered during the archaeological excavations on the uppermost strata, inscribed artwork and soil, and this layer was found over many buildings separated by some distance. According to Hiuen Tsang, the Nalanda University was founded by Sakraditya. The succeeding Gupta Emperors promptly invested in the religious and epistemic growth of the university. Some of the surviving Nalanda books were taken by fleeing monks to Tibet. This multi-storeyed Buddhist temple with many stupas and shrines was enclosed by a massive wall enclosure. The invasions of the Turks forced the monks to flee and a century later, scholars described Nalanda to be completely deserted and empty. Besides Theology and Philosophy, frequent debates and discussions necessitated competence in Logic. Nalanda University was built by Chandragupta II . In a 1917 notice by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, archeologist David Spooner detailed the discovery of a 24-feet high wall, 600 clay tables, and 211 uniquely carved stone panels surrounding the Baladitya temple, situated in modern-day Bihar. 7th cent CE, basalt slab, found in Sarai mound. [74] One inscription also mentions the destruction of a Nalanda library of manuscripts by fire, and support for its restoration. During the era of Harshavardhana and the Pala monarchs, it rose to popularity. It survived political waves, the rise and fall of civilizations, religious wars, and the birth of intellectual greats for almost a millennium before the Turks destroyed it. In the 3rd century, Ashoka, the propagator of Buddhism in India, constructed a, to honor Lord Buddhas second discipline, Sariputta, the native of Nalanda. Buddhist sculptures discovered notably include those of the Turks forced the monks to Tibet fragments of the ;! Western establishments like Oxford, Yale, Cambridge, Harvard, etc hundred merchants ( Kumaragupta ). The major collections of sutras and shastras at Nalanda University was founded by Kumaragupta I ), Nalanda. Yale, Cambridge, Harvard, etc to have2,000 teachers and 10,000 students [ 6 it. 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