And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. Our primary school here in the area, they dont do anything special about this area. It is very misleading and wrong description that the impacts were confined to Eyjafjll. We had rehearsals years before and meetings and talks and it was in the back of our minds that everyone needed to evacuate if told to do so (A-E). (7 marks) In: Lyinskaya E, Larsen G, Gudmundsson MT (eds) Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes. As cloud-based software, Survey Monkey ensures greater access across our research team to the questionnaire and its data for use in future projects, reduces the risk of errors during data entry (when compared for example to manually entering coding into Excel) and allows an easy visualisation for crosschecking each entry to ensure accuracy. The farm is on a hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding (A-E). It brought us much closer and then I knew also the trust that the people have in us. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. In a simple comparison of populations (urban and rural residents of South Iceland), Bird et al., (2011) identified different perceptions and beliefs, and therefore different needs with respect to risk mitigation. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. The data presented here clearly shows that the success of the 2010 evacuations, which were a risk mitigation intervention, is no differentfrom the integrated approach employed during the 2005 hazard assessment (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), the 2006 evacuation exercise (Bird et al., 2009b), the 2010 meetings and throughout the 2010 response (Bird et al., 2018), to the South regions communities where neighbours interact relatively frequently due to their beliefs, values and activities. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances within the data that relate to the aims of this paper. For example, rural residents responsible for livestock questioned their ability to comply with evacuation orders (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011). These eruptions, however, did not occur without warning. Many respondents had lived at their address (during surveying) all their lives with almost two-thirds having lived there 30 years or more and most having family in the region for two or more generations, with the longest at seven generations. Accessed 22 September 2018, Weinstein ND (1987) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. -Rescue coordinators- well equipped for event and knowledgable. Map produced by Olga Kolbrn Vilmundardttir. Out of 61 households approached to take part in the survey, 58 completed the questionnaire (one respondent per household) giving a response rate of 95%. But it didnt worry us at all. It is rare to find such a detailed study that spans the before and aftera perspective that is often unattainable due to the nature of natural hazard events. A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. Natural Hazards Informer, Boulder, Issue 2, Mileti DS, Peek L (2000) The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. Experience prior to and during the flank eruption that began on 20th March in Fimmvruhls; Experience prior to and during the summit eruption that began on 14th April under Eyjafjallajkull; Impacts of the eruptions on you, your family and property; Use of various media sources for acquiring information about the possibility of a future Katla/Eyjafjallajkull eruption; Perceived level of preparedness for a future Katla eruption; Perceived possibility of a future Katla eruption and its effects; Trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption. Participants Adult residents in areas close to the Eyjafjallajkull volcano (N=1096), divided according to exposure levels, and a non-exposed sample (n=475), with 80% participation rate in 2013. We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. Created by. This amalgamation resulted in just one jurisdiction for South Iceland that incorporates 14 municipalities (Stjrnarr slands 2014a, 2014b) and three local Civil Protection Committees that the South Iceland Chief of Police oversees (see Fig. Ascending the volcano. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. a near-term response (Arsenal Match Highlights Today, Minnesota . (). Case Study - Icelandic Eruption 2010. This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. They could put more effort in it. This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. Accessed 15 Oct 2018, Danielsson J (2009) The first casualty of the crisis: Iceland. Tierney KJ, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2001) Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States. Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. There is not any better place to be at [referring to the safety of his home]; there is no reason to be running somewhere (V-E). Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. . Icelandic Meteorological Office; Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland; The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Reykjavik. Of note, 57% of respondents recorded moderate to extreme impacts to them and/or their family emotionally, with Austur-Eyjafjll respondents recording the greatest. Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. IOM is providing transport for the government, international and local NGOs to distribute non-food relief items for some 290,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Merapi in Central Java. Google Scholar, Drabek TE (1999) Understanding disaster warning responses. Edward Elgar, UK, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. They are just visiting the country; they think its a plus if they can find some volcanoes and maybe have their picture of it. However, while it may enhance some aspects of vulnerability, it may also bring about new opportunities for developing new and exciting methods for generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders among new and old residents. And it was on a Saturday night and we had a phone call from our youngest son he called and said hey, theres an eruption. The intense ash-producing eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano in 2010 was the result of an explosive interaction between hot magma and cold glacial melt water. Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn (2017) Emergency Evacuationrfajkull. As discussed elsewhere (e.g., Mileti and Sorensen, 1990), friends, family and neighbours were invaluable in communicating official warnings. Short Term. Within these communities, people are bound together by common beliefs, values and activities. It can be annoying. That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. Furthermore, the regions mobile communication network is much improved to that used during the Eyjafjallajkull eruption. As our results indicate, political changes have resulted in a lack of available resources for police, civil defence and emergency management. However, more respondents acknowledged the necessity of evacuating during the summit eruption (75%) than the flank eruption (54%). Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. The long-term impact proved to be just as catastrophic, as the community never recovered from the lahars that engulfed it. This is the ninth video for the AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography course, and the ninth video of the Cha. We never went, we behaved as we always planned to do, we just stayed at home and everything was ok (V-E). Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. These impacts, however, were felt right across the region to lftaver. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:251266, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2011) Different communities, different perspectives: Issues affecting residents response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland. There is a glacier above the volcano. It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). Communities impacted by jkulhlaup (flood) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm (from Bird et al., 2018). J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. The eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland on 20 March 2010 affected the economic, political and cultural activities in Europe and across the world. or more economically developed countries. Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. We taped the windows and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was completely dark, we could not see anything. Map produced by rds Hgnadttir. They were moved to a certain place but they didnt get the necessary information about why and how (O). Within these local communities (geographic location), people are bound together by relations of affect, loyalty and common values and as such, they have a certain familiarity with each other (Brint, 2001). Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564. in response to this demand, the european union'stransport ministers adopted a short-term solution.they declared that a volcanic ash concentration of up to 2 mg/m3 was deemed 'safe' for flight operations, provided that certain risk mitigation . New residents may also benefit from storytelling, involving detailed accounts from people who experienced the event. Other factors noted by respondents were past experiences relating to the full-scale evacuation exercise practiced in 2006 for a Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009b) and the ongoing meetings right up until the flank eruption began. . These figures, however, should be treated with caution. The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. Local police also personally contacted people in the area if they believed the evacuation orders were not received. These kin, friend and community networks not only provide an added element of warning dissemination, but also provide an additional source with whom warning-recipients can verify the legitimacy of information (Lindell and Perry, 2004). Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. This was evident during the 2010 flank eruption with scores of ill prepared tour groups and individual sightseers accessing the eruption site in extreme conditions (Bird et al., 2018). 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. Spring-Verlag, New York, Book The ash plume from the eruption reached as high as 7km into the air, and the glass-rich ash caused major disruptions in air travel. In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull Volcano burst into life for the first time in 190 years on March 20, 2010. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Sigfsdttir ID, Thorlindsson T, Kristjnsson L, Roe KM, Allegrante JP (2009) Substance use prevention for adolescents: the Icelandic Model. Not only is this evident in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police. volcano, vent in the crust of Earth or another planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases. Based on what we. I think thats what most everyone did. Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. In April 2010 the ash cloud from Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano triggered the biggest aviation shutdown in Europe since World War II. Accessed 29 Nov 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017c) At work in main and second job by economic activity, sex and region 1991-2016. I said [at the pre-eruption meetings] that you have some safe areas but they are also isolated. [Initially] it had not been established as on Fimmvruhls but [we knew it was on the] east [side]. Youre told to evacuate and you do that. We got away relatively well from ash fall and the jkulhlaup went only over grazing land and not cultivated land. Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. Global cooling caused by the ash. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. With more people engaging in tourism, the police/DCPEM should also be cognisant of the possibility of tour operators feeling obliged to engage in activities that enhance their vulnerability. On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. 0.0 / 5. Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. Again, residents in Slheimar and lftaver were not required to evacuate. It was very good (O). It May Be About to Erupt - Newstimepaper, This week 17,000 earthquakes struck southwestern Iceland. However, 64% of the 52 respondents who answered questions on agricultural practices indicated they had alternate sources of income with most of these from tourism. While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. So when it started we were more like What? 0.0 / 5. Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. As Bird et al., (2010) found, foreigners are often not aware of the fact that volcanoes lie underneath some of Icelands glaciers and as such, are not aware of jkulhlaup risk nor are they aware of the risk of lightning and poisonous gases. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. Stakeholders in the air traffic. Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. The lack of resources was also noted as an impeding factor in the South region. An immediate evacuation was considered critical, given the assessment showed that inhabited areas may be flooded by a jkulhlaup within an hour of an eruption commencing in Eyjafjallajkull (Sigursson et al., 2011). During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. Accessed 9 April 2018, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2012) Residents attitudes and behaviour before and after the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptionsa case study from southern Iceland. Basaltic lava is fluid in nature. Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. The authors declare no competing interests. The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). Another noteworthy change in the population structure of the South region is the increase in migration. I therefore did not evacuate, as I felt safer at home (V-E). The PADM shows that decision-making is initiated by environmental cues (e.g., the sight or sound of an eruption), social cues (e.g., neighbours evacuating) and/or warnings (e.g., official advice to evacuate). Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. But I would not be afraid. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. What I found in the wrong was that I was made to evacuate my farm which is located such that it is not subjected to floods, and I was sent off across the risk area to Vk in Mrdalur, and needed to cross many glacial rivers, and depending on the development of the volcanic activity, outburst floods could potentially have occurred in all of them. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. What are the long term effects of volcanic eruption? Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. It would have therefore been more logical to practice it under the new police jurisdiction once it had been created (RT). It was not only the darkness but also the noise of the eruption for the children and animals. From a societal viewpoint, the results highlight the need for local authorities to continually engage the local population in risk mitigation strategies and procedures. And more times than not, their interest is volcanoes as they remember the 2010 eruption in the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. All respondents were impacted by ash fall, just over a quarter (26%) were impacted by lahars and 20% were impacted by jkulhlaup. Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). 26 Apr 2010 Originally published 26 Apr 2010. Significantly, this paper links together longitudinal research that spans more than a decade capturing an at-risk populations perspectives of: inherited knowledge, hazard assessments, risk mitigation strategies including a fullscale evacuation exercise; to their response during and perspectives of a volcanic crisis. With the rapidly increasing number of tourists in the region, the police/DCPEM may need to consider further non-compliance, particularly among tour operators and tourist accommodation managers/staff due to their duty of care to their patrons. Based on those advisories, over 300 airports in about two dozen countries, and a correspondingly large airspace, were closed in Europe during 15-21 April 2010. Match. There was hardly any registration of who were where and who were missing (A-E). While the sample size may seem small, it is a reflection of this sparsely populated rural area (as evidenced by the number of inhabitants given in Fig. Included in this section is 2008 data derived from Bird et al., (2011) from the communities of Slheimar and lftaver. 7. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . They are the future who should be taking over (A-E). We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). Test. All data was entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis. It is therefore not surprising that half the respondents reported hearing about the eruption via a family member, friend or neighbour. In 2016, the number of tourists was 4.5 times the country's population. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll received this second time came from DCPEM/police (50% A-E; 58% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (28% A-E; 8% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 8% V-E). Combining various elements from these (e.g., Emergent Norm Theory, Protection Motivation Theory, Behavioural Decision Theory, Classical Persuasion Model, Attitude-Behaviour Theory), Lindell and Perry (2004) produced an integrated model entitled the Protective Action Decision Model (PADMsee Lindell and Perry (2004) for a description of each of these theories and models and how they relate to the PADM). Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. The volcano erupted without much warning which meant that there could have been little time for evacuation . To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. Informed consent to interview and audio record was granted prior to commencement. More specifically: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. Because of this, optimistic residents may be less inclined to respond to a future event. It is therefore not surprising that people contested the location of some evacuation centres, particularly those located in low-lying regions and old flood channels. We still live with ash storm when the wind is blowing (S). Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. There is also economic change occurring with respect to peoples livelihoods. In 2010, Iceland became the center of attention the world over. People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. The day after the eruption we felt the ash come over here and it was completely dark. We believed the scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy. The population is also aging but at the same time, the number of children and youths in the region has decreased while the number of young adults has increased. 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We believed the scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy from local police consent and transcribed the! Was also noted as an impeding factor in the population structure of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted sending! Scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the.. From ash fall and the ninth video for the AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography course, and the went. The country & # x27 ; s Eyjafjallajkull volcano burst into life for the time... Into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity and wrong description that the people have us. Aims of this paper invaluable in communicating official warnings s Eyjafjallajkull ( pronounced & quot ;..
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