For the rest of December there were false alerts and several infrequent and sporadic hit-and-run attacks on outlying military installations such as the Naval Base but no raids on Singapore City. It left a scar on his mind. 0 Ratings 1 Want to read; 0 Currently reading; 0 Have read; Borrow Listen. He felt it was a disgrace. Fairmile Motor Launches (MLs) were versatile small craft produced in their hundreds and served in most theatres during WWII. Preview Book He invited me to accompany him in his pram-dinghy, a flat-bottomed boat about 12 feet long, bermuda-rigged with bamboo mast and boom, and designed for racing in the sheltered waters of . Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web. Here there was a small Dutch Customs Station who advised them to proceed about 12 hours up river to Pekanbaru where there was an RAF Base. This was the greatest known defeat of British forces in the distant Far East. He joined the AIF in WWII; post-war he became General Manager of the ABC and was knighted. Early in February, 1942, Professor G. A. Ransome spoke to me about his plans to try and escape to the Dutch East Indies if the Japanese should capture Singapore. on January 13, 2021, There are no reviews yet. From Michael Pether (Pether 2018) we also know the auxiliary HMS Scott Harleysafely made its destination of Tanjung Priok. Bennett attempted to reinforce the 22nd Brigade by moving the 2/29th Battalion from the 27th Brigade area to Tengah but before it could be used to recapture Ama Keng, the Japanese launched another attack around the airfield and the 2/29th was forced onto the defensive. Major Geoffrey Rowly-Conwy of the Royal Artillery refuses to obey an order to surrender to the Japanese as they close in on Singapore. [159] Churchill's physician Lord Moran wrote, The fall of Singapore on February 15 stupefied the Prime Minister. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. There was considerable loss of life and casualties from both vessels, and most survivors were captured. [89] Bennett decided to form a secondary defensive line, known as the "Kranji-Jurong Switch Line" facing west between the two rivers, with its centre around Bulim, east of Tengah Airfieldwhich subsequently came under Japanese controland just north of Jurong. Because of the dangers no women were to be taken onboard. [139][135] Post-war analysis has shown that a counter-attack might have succeeded. Three small patrols were sent on the evening of 6 February, one was spotted and withdrew after its leader was killed and their boat sunk and the other two managed to get ashore. HMAS Sydney II and the HSK Kormoran Shipwreck Sites, Admiralty House, Garden and Fortifications, Royal Australian Naval Transmitting Station ACT, 81st. The Highlanders, now down to 250 men, reformed with the addition of 210 Royal Marine survivors from the Prince of Walesand Repulse. Table of Contents [98] Throughout 10 February further fighting took place around along the Jurong Line, as orders were formulated to establish a secondary defensive line to the west of the Reformatory Road, with troops not then employed in the Jurong Line; misinterpretation of these orders resulted in Taylor, the commander of the 22nd Brigade, prematurely withdrawing his troops to the east, where they were joined by a 200-strong ad hoc battalion of Australian reinforcements, known as X Battalion. Many of them suffered severe hardships and brutality similar to that experienced by other prisoners held by Japan during the war. During the first night 13,000 Japanese troops landed and were followed by another 10,000 after first light. About 9,000 airmen - 7,588 American and 1,351 British and Canadian - were imprisoned there when it was liberated on the night of 30 April 1945 by Soviet troops. Japanese fighters were superior to the Commonwealth fighters, which helped the Japanese to gain air supremacy. [76][h] From 27 to 30 January, another 48 Hurricanes arrived on the aircraft carrier HMSIndomitable. She suffered air attacks with some damage but then sailed directly into a convoy of enemy transports escorted by warships. , Unknown Binding In the latter half of 1941, the Japanese began preparing to go to war to seize vital resources if peaceful efforts to buy them failed. [157] While impressed with Japan's quick succession of victories, Adolf Hitler reportedly had mixed views regarding Singapore's fall, seeing it as a setback for the "white race" but ultimately something that was in Germany's military interests. With a makeshift crew Li Wo cast off with 84 passengers and crew and made for the Banka Strait. By the end of January 1942, British Empire forces were driven back onto the island of Singapore itself, cut off from further outside help. [81] On the morning of 9 February, dogfights took place over Sarimbun Beach and other western areas. Singapore, 1942, is an exotic tropical city and the home of six-year-old Rosie Sharbanee. [167][168] The other ethnic groups of Singaporesuch as the Malays and Indianswere not spared. Urgent requests for fire support were made and throughout the night the 2/15th Field Regiment fired over 4,800 rounds. Although the 25th Army was outnumbered by Commonwealth forces in Malaya and Singapore, they did not take the initiative with their forces while Japanese commanders concentrated theirs. Taking effect from 8.30 pm, control of this mighty fortress and its garrison was handed over to the Imperial Japanese Army. With necessary repairs he found that the 1934 built fishing vessel Kofoku Maru (Happiness), with a copper sheathed teak hull and German diesel engine, was a very sound craft and he recruited eight Chinese to crew her. Prior to the main assault, the Australians were subjected to an intense artillery bombardment. The converted riverboat Wah Sui,not an internationally registered hospital ship, but painted white with large red crosses on both sides, had already been used to evacuate wounded from Singapore to Java and was now anchored in the harbour. [92] During the initial assault, the Japanese suffered severe casualties from Australian mortars and machine-guns and from burning oil which had been sluiced into the water following the demolition of several oil tanks by the Australians. Survival at sea after the fall of Singapore. Also on hand was the elite Indian manned Hong Kong and Singapore Regiment of Royal Artillery (HK&SRRA) and the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Force. This contained top secret British Cabinet papers addressed to Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, Commander-in-Chief Far East. The "1942" appears to have been added to the title to avoid confusion with a book by the same name written by S.C. George in 1946. [70], Fierce fighting raged throughout the evening but due to the terrain and the darkness, the Japanese were able to disperse into the undergrowth, surround and overwhelm pockets of Australian resistance or bypass them exploiting gaps in the thinly spread Commonwealth lines due to the many rivers and creeks in the area. The honour of the British Empire and of the British Army is at stake. Print This Page. Carew, Tim, The Fall of Hong Kong, Anthony Blond, London, 1960. The 2/20th managed to concentrate three of its four companies around the Namazie Estate, although one was left behind; the 2/18th was only able to concentrate half its strength at Ama Keng, while the 2/19th also moved back three companies, leaving a fourth to defend Tengah airfield. [100], In the early afternoon of 10 February, on learning of the collapse of the Jurong Line, Wavell ordered Percival to launch a counter-attack to retake it. The RAF provided meals and then loaded their guests onto three buses which took them to the nearest railhead. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. Please try again. A number of MLs and HDMLs had completed building at Singapore within weeks of the evacuation. Naval Historical Society of Australia Inc. [178] Yearly observances on that day include: On Singapore, the Japanese captured 300 field guns, 180 mortars, 100 anti-aircraft guns, 54 fortress guns, and 108 1-pounder guns, as well as 200 armoured vehicles (Universal Carriers and armoured cars) and 1,800 lorries. Please try again. The battle must be fought to the bitter end at all costs. Major Geoffrey Rowly-Conwy of the Royal Artillery refuses to obey an order to surrender to the Japanese as they close in on Singapore. [144] Following the surrender, Bennett caused controversy when he decided to escape. The ship later sailed to Colombo and served as a hospital ship in Burma. There were 49 infantry battalions21 Indian, 13 British, six Australian, four Indian States Forces assigned to airfield defence, three Straits Settlements Volunteer Force, and two Malayan. [39][f] Of this figure, 15,000 men were employed in supply, administrative, or other non-combatant roles. He admitted that towards the end it was all but impossible to return men to their units. Please try again. The Japanese had broken the British Army's codes and in January 1941, the Second Department (the intelligence-gathering arm) of the Imperial Army interpreted and read a message from Singapore to London complaining in much detail about the weak state of "Fortress Singapore", a message so frank in its admission of weakness that the Japanese at first suspected it was a British plant, believing that no officer would be so open in admitting weaknesses to his superiors. These Dalforce officers were keen to attempt an escape to Sumatra where they might reform. Lieutenant Richard Pool RN, a survivor from Repulse,had been allocated to ML 310 and writes of his experiences (Pool 1987): All day long columns of evacuees filed patiently along the approach road and on the wharf and gradually found spaces in the miscellany of craft which now thronged the dockside. His father and grandfather were interned. [66] The bombardment of the Australians was not seen as a prelude to attackMalaya Command believed that it would last several days and would later switch its focus to the north-east, despite its ferocity exceeding anything the Allies had experienced thus far in the campaign; no order was passed to the Commonwealth artillery units to bombard possible Japanese assembly areas. He was 31. A latter British War Ministry report described the behavior of troops as deplorable, having particular harsh words for a group of Australians, many of whom were deserters from Singapore (Weintraub 2016). [23] Although outnumbered and outclassed, the Buffalos were able to provide some resistance, with RAAF pilots alone managing to shoot down at least 20 Japanese aircraft before the few survivors were withdrawn. : An ambush was sprung by the 2/30th Australian Battalion on the main road at the Gemenceh River near Gemas on 14 January, causing many Japanese casualties. I knew that if I had to fight for long for Singapore, I would be beaten. That is why the surrender had to be at once. [115] Elsewhere, the 22nd Brigade continued to hold a position west of the Holland Road until late in the evening when it was pulled back to Holland Village. Pether, Michael, Extensive research papers & web sites,Auckland, 2018. [132][133] Several survivors were identified after the war, some of whom had survived by pretending to be dead. Many European and Eurasian women and children were evacuated before the end of December. As it starts, it's not really obvious whether it's a novel or narrative, since it's all told third person. : His forces consisted of elements of the 1st Malaya Infantry Brigade and the Straits Settlements Volunteer Force Brigade with the Indian 12th Infantry Brigade in reserve. Dragonflyand Grasshoppersailed in company on 13 February with about 325 troops, bound for Sumatra. From Padang they set out for Ceylon in a frail proa: During the 36-day voyage, they are gunned by the Japanese, buffeted by turbulent seas, and they lose half their water supply. Shaw, Ian W., On Radji Beach, Macmillan, Sydney, 2010. [116], On 13 February, Japanese engineers repaired the road over the causeway and more tanks were pushed across. [10] On 11 November 1940, the German raider Atlantis captured the British steamer Automedon in the Indian Ocean, carrying papers meant for Air Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, the British commander in the Far East. After settling in Australia he became known as a sportsman and journalist. [155], The Japanese had advanced 650mi (1,050km) from Singora, Thailand, to the southern coast of Singapore at an average rate of 9mi (14km) a day. [174] British forces had planned to reconquer Singapore in Operation Mailfist in 1945, but the war ended before it could be carried out. The British erroneously considered the jungle terrain impassable, leading to a swift Japanese advance as Allied defences were quickly outflanked. [58], As the landing craft closed on the Australian positions, machine gunners from the 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion, interspersed amongst the rifle companies, opened fire. The Japanese authorities were suspicious of the Chinese because of the Second Sino-Japanese War, and murdered thousands of citizen "undesirables" (mostly ethnic Chinese) in the Sook Ching massacre. About 40,000, mostly conscripted, Indian soldiers joined the Indian National Army and fought with the Japanese in the Burma campaign. Of the defensive forces only one British regiment and the Indians were prepared for operational service against a superior battle hardened force. 1996-2023, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates, Select a location to see product availability. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Fortunately a perceptive captain holds his fire, and permits them to board. As they had destroyed all code books the Rear Admiral Malaya was thereafter unable to read signals. Japanese troops were closing in on the British island of Singapore and it was only a matter of hours, if not days, before the embattled island would be forced to surrender. There was a problem loading your book clubs. By late February 1942 thousands of men, women and children were crowded here where they were prioritised for transshipment by the occasional merchantman and warships that called. Malaya Tribune: Colombo Man as Deputy Master Attendant, 24 November 1936. ALSO INCLUDES CORRESPONDENCE TO HIS FAMILY AND LATER NEWS CUTTINGS To their right, the 18th Division, the 11th Indian Division and the 2nd Malaya Brigade held the perimeter from the edge of the Farrar Road east to Kallang, while to their left, the 44th Indian Brigade and the 1st Malaya Brigade held the perimeter from Buona Vista to Pasir Panjang. The final naval evacuation from Singapore in February 1942 was a tragedy of epic proportions, resulting in death and misery with few redeeming features except the eventual safety of the few survivors. McKerron, P.A.B., Escape from Singapore Dalforce, Journals 65-67 of the Overseas Services Pensioners Association (OSPA) April 1993 April 1994, London. Print This Page. In the interwar years, Britain had established a naval base in Singapore after the Anglo-Japanese alliance had lapsed in 1923. Michael Pether (Pether 2018) has identified another twenty or so small craft which attempted the treacherous crossing. [22] The Imperial Japanese Army Air Force was more numerous and better trained than the second-hand assortment of untrained pilots and inferior Commonwealth equipment remaining in Malaya, Borneo and Singapore. The Malay battalions had not been in action, and the Straits Settlements Volunteers were only sketchily trained. Churchill called it the worst disaster in British military history. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Showing one featured edition. During the Japanese Occupation (1942-45), it was used by the Japanese Imperial Army to hold Australian and British prisoners-of-war (POWs). On 11 November 1940 the German raider Atlantisencountered the Blue Funnel liner Automedon. The men were detailed to help the undermanned crew and the women assisted in the galley and saloon. Naval Historical Review, WWII operations, History - WW2 Japanese operations, Singapore, Ship losses, Australian Naval History Podcasts [120] Earlier that day, Percival had issued orders to destroy all secret and technical equipment, ciphers, codes, secret documents and heavy guns. Rarely did this strategy work and the small and largely defenceless vessels fell easy prey to enemy air attacks. There must at this stage be no thought of saving the troops or sparing the population. 1 The official history records Wah Sui sailing with 120 wounded but Moreman and Reid (2002) say six nurses and 300 wounded; those onboard say there were between 350 and 450 passengers, many of whom may not have been wounded. Escape from Singapore, 1942: the story of an incredible voyage through enemy waters. [143], Under the terms of the surrender, hostilities were to cease at 20:30 that evening, all military forces in Singapore were to surrender unconditionally, all Commonwealth forces would remain in position and disarm themselves within an hour, and the British were allowed to maintain a force of 1,000 armed men to prevent looting until relieved by the Japanese. She was similar in size to a Navy HDML but narrower in the beam. [134], Throughout the night of 14/15 February, the Japanese continued to press against the Commonwealth perimeter, and though the line largely held, the military supply situation was rapidly deteriorating. [77] Operated by the four squadrons of No. In Haifa she was converted to a hospital ship and later served in the Burma campaign before being returned to her owners in 1945. Percival made plans of his own for the counter-attack, detailing a three-phased operation that involved the majority of the 22nd Brigade, and he subsequently passed this on to Bennett, who began implementing the plan, but forgot to call X Battalion back. This podcast series examines Australias Naval history, featuring a variety of naval history experts from the Naval Studies Group and elsewhere. Against all odds, and crammed like sardines, they were underway. . While particulars of all vessels involved in the exodus are incomplete the following participated. The remaining nineteen men including the Executive Officer of ML 310, SBLT Malcolm Henderson RANVR, the Admiral and the Air Marshal died of disease when on the island. Following Japanese atrocities in Hong Kong as many female nurses as possible were to be evacuated. In these circumstances the defenders must greatly outnumber Japanese forces who have crossed the straits, and in a well-contested battle they should destroy them. This was achieved by moving the defending forces from the beaches along the northern shore and from around Changi, with the 18th Infantry Division being tasked to maintain control of the vital reservoirs and effecting a link up with Simmons' Southern Area forces. Like the Buffalos the Hurricanes began to suffer severe losses in dogfights. When the first Japanese came ashore on Singapore Island on 8 February the thinly spread Australians defending the northwestcoast failed to halt the attack and the Argylls were send to help stem the tide in the brief Battle of Singapore. The Ban Ho Guanalso made Padang and was later bound for Fremantle. When the Japanese stormed the island with an all-out. They get split up en route, but make it to Sumatra, where there are loads of other escapes and refugees. This is without a doubt the most boring WWII book I've come across. [149] Many British units were reported to have been similarly affected. Crowds now formed at the embarkation areas, some with passes and others without. As a prelude to events unfolding in Singapore in early December 1941 the Japanese Armys 38th Division of over 50,000 men massed on the border between China and the British-leased New Territories. The General, accompanied by his ADC, Lieutenant Gordon Walker, and staff officer Major Charles Moses3plus some Malaysian officers arranged to hire a junk. 232 Squadron RAF was formed and No. [28] According to John Coates, the report "lacked substance", for though there had undoubtedly been a lack of discipline in the final stages of the campaignparticularly among the poorly trained British, Indian and Australian reinforcements that were hurriedly dispatched as the crisis worsenedthe 8th Australian Division had fought well and had gained the respect of the Japanese. Unable to add item to List. "Bennett singled out Indian troops but did not confine his remarks to them. 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