This appeased Catholics and Puritans who were uncomfortable with the monarch as head of religion as well as head of state. One, "Of the Worthy Receiving of the Sacrament", added more detail to the church's doctrine of the Eucharist, which was described as "spiritual food" and "a ghostly substance and not carnal" made real by faith. [94] Rather, the Admonition's authors believed that presbyterianism was the only biblical form of church government, whereas Whitgift argued that no single form of church government was commanded in the Bible. Religion became a very divisive factor in peoples lives in England when Protestant ideas challenged the dominance of the Catholic Church of Rome. This Act was passed in 1534 and was the consequence of the previous Act of Succession in 1533. Parker was a prominent scholar and had served as chaplain to Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn. Ultimately, all but two bishops (the undistinguished Anthony Kitchin of Llandaff and the absentee Thomas Stanley of Sodor and Man) lost their posts. [107] Due to their belief in free will, this new faction is known as the Arminian party, but their high church orientation was more controversial. Roman Catholicism was enforced in England and Wales during the reign of Mary I. Protestants were persecuted and a number were executed as heretics. Elizabethan Settlement Definition and Summary. Her approach had been to avoid the kind of traumatic extremism of the reigns of her brother Edward VI (Protestant) and her sister Mary I (Catholic). [56] Parish churches tended to have less music as Puritan influences argued against using of funds to pay for choristers. [81] In 1580, the first Jesuit priests came to England. Puritan clergy in this movement organised local presbyteries or classes, from which the movement took its name. [16] The Queen's principal secretary was Sir William Cecil, a moderate Protestant. At this point, the Privy Council introduced two new bills, one concerning royal supremacy and the other about a Protestant liturgy. [66], The settlement of 1559 had given Protestants control of the Church of England, but matters were different at the parish level, where Catholic priests and traditional laity held large majorities. Think uniform you will remember what this Act did if you remember that it is about unifying religious practice. This perception was seemingly confirmed when Elizabeth was excommunicated by Pope Pius V in February 1570. From the Puritans and Calvinists, it "inherited a contradictory impulse to assert the supremacy of scripture and preaching". [92] While Parliament still met, Thomas Wilcox and John Field published An Admonition to the Parliament that condemned "Popish abuses yet remaining in the English Church" and episcopal polity. The established religion under Elizabeth was Protestant, so the English did not acknowledge the authority of the Pope in Rome: the English monarch was to be the overall leader of the Church of England, but not a spiritual authority. "[78] By the late 1560s, recusancy was becoming more common. The remaining bishops were all Catholics appointed during Mary's reign, and Elizabeth's advisers hoped they could be persuaded to continue serving. The Elizabethan Settlement was an attempt to end this religious turmoil. However, there were some actual religious practices that were very similar to the Catholic Church, including the celebration of the mass (also known as Holy Communion) and the priests wearing of vestments. Go in depth with our worksheets, exercises, essay plans, source-based resources and games. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and permission to use traditional priestly vestments. The Act stated that any smaller monasteries were supposed to be closed and forced the closure of all religious houses of the United Kingdom. [82], The Queen's excommunication and the arrival of the seminary priests brought a change in government policy toward recusants. One aspect of this is Elizabeth's accession to the throne and her possible marriage. [50] A year later, the Queen herself ordered the demolition of all lofts, but the rood beams were to remain on which the royal arms were to be displayed. Most of the other posts went to Marian exiles such as Edmund Grindal for London, Richard Cox for Ely, John Jewel for Salisbury, William Barlow for Chichester and John Scory for Hereford. [111] Puritans became dissenters. [28], The bill included permission to receive communion in two kinds. They also believed that God had formed these social ranks and had showered blessings on each rank. [27], Another bill introduced to the same Parliament with the intent to return Protestant practices to legal dominance was the Uniformity bill, which sought to restore the 1552 prayer book as the official liturgy. As I say, becon is still my right arm. What a great product. The term Supreme Head was avoided because Christ was seen as Head of the Church. The visitation was conducted according to injunctions based on the Royal Injunctions of 1547. Life in Elizabethan England 7: Religion Religion Everyone has one. Thomas Sampson, a Marian exile, believed that "All scripture seems to assign the title of head of the Church to Christ alone". Under the Act of Supremacy, an Ecclesiastical High Commission established with the job of maintaining discipline with the Church and enforcing the queen's religious settlement. After his wife, Catherine of Aragon, failed to produce a male heir, Henry applied to the pope for an annulment of his marriage. Same period: some extreme Protestants were disappointed by the religious settlement because think that the religious changes are not extreme enough. [74] In 1568, the English College at Douai was founded to provide a Catholic education to young Englishmen and, eventually, to train a new leadership for a restored Catholic Church in England. They looked to the Church Fathers rather than the Reformers and preferred using the more traditional 1549 prayer book. [93] It called for the church to be organised according to presbyterian polity. In 1645, the prayer book was made illegal and replaced by the Directory for Public Worship. Elizabethan religious settlement: the Timeline of key events. It also repealed the medieval heresy laws that Mary I had revived. Failing to do so was a treasonable offence. In the coming years this changed. Education in Elizabethan England. Women were considered inferior in matters of religion and spirituality. [12] She also kept many of her religious views private, which can make it difficult to determine what she believed. It was made compulsory for all to attend Church every Sunday and also on holy days. Her father, Henry VIII, had done the same in his reign, but called himself the Head of the Church, so Elizabeths title as Governor implied she would not be so dictatorial and would be more tolerant. So the pope has no right to interfere in its matter. This retained some Catholic traditions which Elizabeth hoped would make a good compromise and keep her people happy. [108], During the reign of Charles I, the Arminians were ascendant and closely associated with William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (16331645). [68][69][70] Efforts to introduce further religious reforms through Parliament or by means of Convocation were consistently blocked by the Queen. This lesson is based on a booklet and PPT helping students to understand different aspects of rivalry between England and Spain. This petition for church reform was referred to the Hampton Court Conference of 1604, which agreed to produce a new version of the Book of Common Prayer that incorporated a few changes requested by the Puritans. Our tips from experts and exam survivors will help you through. Now outside the established church, the different strands of the Puritan movement evolved into separate denominations: Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Baptists. It was also a concession to the Queen's Protestant supporters who objected to "supreme head" on theological grounds and who had concerns about a female leading the Church. It remained a private residence until 1923, when the Church of England acquired possession. All the prayer books of Edward VI were integrated into one book. A proclamation forbade any "breach, alteration, or change of any order or usage presently established within this our realm". [80], By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Roman Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. Browse these study & revision resources covering Early Elizabethan England 1558-1588 for the Edexcel GCSE History option (B4). [35], The most significant revision was a change to the Communion Service that added the words for administering sacramental bread and wine from the 1549 prayer book to the words in the 1552 book. Study Notes. In the aftermath of the conformist assault, the 1590s were relatively free of theological controversy. The Elizabethan Age saw ties become frayed as a result of English actions, Spanish actions, Religion, The Netherlands and Trade. It included the Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, a new Book of Common Prayer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles. You can go into more details about her reign in the Timeline of Queen Elizabeth the First. Thank you for everything!, Becon engineering works has enabled us to save a lot of time. [67] Over time, however, this "survivalist Catholicism" was undermined by pressures to conform, giving way to an underground Catholicism completely separate from the Church of England. [40], Another historian, Diarmaid MacCulloch, also finds Neale's thesis flawed. [57] Churches employed singers for special occasions,[58] which might be paid with money, wine, or ale and bread. Author: Created by HistoryTeacherToday. This made Protestantism Englands official faith and also set out rules of religious practice and worship in a revised prayer book. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were Protestant. [116] The clash between Calvinists and Arminians was never resolved, and the "seesaw battle between Catholic and Protestant within a single Anglican ecclesiastical structure has been proceeding ever since". [23][21] It was not popular with the clergy, and the Convocation of Canterbury reacted by affirming papal supremacy, transubstantiation and the Mass as a sacrificial offering. The term Supreme Head was avoided because Christ was seen as Head of the Church. The bishops visited the church regularly to see whether everyone followed the oath of supremacy and the settlement rules. [65], With the Queen's approval, Convocation also issued a second Book of Homilies with sermons on 20 topics. In 1581, a new law made it treason to be absolved from schism and reconciled with Rome and the fine for recusancy was increased to 20 per month (50 times an artisan's wage). [97] The majority of conformists were part of the Reformed consensus that included the Puritans; what divided the parties were disputes over church government. Under pressure from the Privy Council, Whitgift was forced to accept conditional subscriptions from defiant ministers. It also declared that half-sister of Elizabeth, Mary is now illegitimate and does not hold any succession to the throne. They could not accept the monarch to head the church. Almost 80,000 priests and clergy did so. It also deleted the Black Rubric, which in the 1552 book explained that kneeling for communion did not imply Eucharistic adoration. This made Protestantism Englands official faith and also set out rules of religious practice and worship in a revised prayer book. While most people conformed, a minority of recusants remained loyal Roman Catholics. Lesson 2 Perhaps searching can help. [30] It encountered more opposition in the Lords than the Supremacy Act, passing by only three votes. Wealthy church papists attended their parish church but had Mass at home or hired two chaplains, one to perform the prayer book service and the other to perform the Mass. With Phillip II of Spain the consort of England, ties had become as close as ever. The 1549 prayer book required clergy to wear the alb, cope and chasuble. The Act of Supremacy became law. [48] These provisions offended many Protestants, and in practice, the Injunctions were often ignored by church leaders. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a Reformed theology and liturgy. The Act was passed in the year 1536 and it began the dissolution of the monasteries. "[14], Historians Patrick Collinson and Peter Lake argue that until 1630 the Church of England was shaped by a "Calvinist consensus". Most Puritans, however, remained in the Church of England. 28.9K subscribers Elizabeth I immediately created her religious settlement after coming to the throne. Under the reigns of her father Henry VIII and brother Edward VI, the monarch was always the Head of the Church in England. Elizabeth I's religious settlement, Royal Museums Greenwich. Crime and punishment in Elizabethan England - The British Library Elizabeths challenges when she came to the throne. It is more accurate to call Whitgift and those like him conformists, since the word conservative carries connotations of Catholicism. Our tips from experts and exam survivors will help you through. Englands trade with Turkey, Morocco and Persia (which continued intermittently throughout this period) transformed the domestic economy of Elizabethan England, from what people ate to what they wore and even what they said. Through the 1580s, Puritans were organised enough to conduct what were essentially covert national synods. If you are thinking when was the Elizabethan settlement implemented, then the answer is in the summer of 1559. The rebellion was defeated, but it contributed to a perception that Catholicism was treason. Few thought this was the rubric's meaning, however. In addition to the English College at Douai, a seminary was established at Rome and two more established in Spain. [77] In 1562, the Council of Trent ruled out any outward conformity or Nicodemism for Catholics: "You may not be present at such prayers of heretics, or at their sermons, without heinous offence and the indignation of God, and it is far better to suffer most bitter cruelties than to give the least sign of consent to such wicked and abominable rites. Towards the end of Henry VIII's reign very little building occurred in England. [74] Other leading Marian churchmen remained in England to serve as private chaplains to Catholic nobles and gentry. The early rule of Queen Elizabeth I - AQA, Challenges to the rule of Queen Elizabeth I - AQA, The Elizabethans - exam preparation - AQA, Home Economics: Food and Nutrition (CCEA). The debts run up by the spendthrift Henry meant that the country verged on bankruptcy. The Church of Scotland was even more strongly Reformed, having a presbyterian polity and John Knox's liturgy, the Book of Common Order. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. The Act of Supremacy passed by the Parliament of England is significant because it declared the English monarch as the head of the church. According to historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, the conflicts over the Elizabethan Settlement stem from the "tension between Catholic structure and Protestant theology". [113] The suppression and marginalisation of Prayer Book Protestants during the 1640s and 1650s had made the prayer book "an undisputed identifier of an emerging Anglican self-consciousness. [41] During this time, Calvinist clergy held the best bishoprics and deaneries. Following some serious internet issues at History Towers we're back in Elizabethan England, this time in 1559.This video covers the Elizabethan religious settlement. Tried and tested worksheets, activities and games to download. Becon engineering works has saved us thousands of dollars and will continue to save us money. She reversed the religious innovations introduced by her father and brother. James I tried to balance the Puritan forces within his church with followers of Andrewes, promoting many of them at the end of his reign. [60], Devotional singing at home was shared between family and friends. Religion was a major factor in Elizabethan England. Elizabeths tolerant approach seemed to have worked on the whole, but it did not keep everyone happy and she faced numerous threats. [86] In general, the bishops considered clerical dress adiaphora and tried to find compromise, but the Queen believed that the churchand herself as Supreme Governorhad authority to determine rites and ceremonies. EV-Elizabeth had followed her own conscience in establishing a Protestant church of England but she has made a compromise with Catholics as she needed the support of Catholic political classes to help her run the country. [5][6] The Mass, the central act of Catholic worship, was condemned as idolatry and replaced with a Protestant communion service, a reminder of Christ's crucifixion. Elizabeth had to find a compromise. [7] Christ's Real Presence in the Eucharist was no longer explained by the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation; instead, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer promoted the Reformed teaching of Christ's spiritual presence. How was the Elizabethan Settlement enforced? Opposition came not only from Catholics, but also from more extreme Protestants, known as. [44], In the summer of 1559, the government conducted a royal visitation of the dioceses. In 1533 this act was passed which stated that people could not question on the rule of Henry that was made above decisions and laws by public and church office and the realm of England is an Empire in itself. However, this stance hardened over time. In 1560, the bishops specified that the cope should be worn when administering the Lord's Supper and the surplice at all other times. What differences between Catholics and Protestants caused the Religious Settlement? While affirming traditional Christian teaching as defined by the first four ecumenical councils, it tried to steer a middle way between Reformed and Lutheran doctrines while rejecting Anabaptist thinking. It may also have been due to the gender issues of that time. [91], By 1572, the debate between Puritans and conformists had entered a new phasechurch government had replaced vestments as the major issue. [77], In 1569, the Revolt of the Northern Earls attempted to overthrow England's Protestant regime. 1559-60: 400 Catholic clergymen who served under Mary I resign. [14] He argues the modifications were most likely meant to appease domestic and foreign Lutheran Protestants who opposed the memorialist view originating from reformed Zurich. [17] Her Privy Council was filled with former Edwardian politicians, and only Protestants preached at Court. KS4 - GCSE History - Elizabethan England - Political and Religious rivalry - England and Spain (no rating) 0 customer reviews. HOMEWORK Who was Mary Queen of Scots? James was himself a moderate Calvinist, and the Puritans hoped the King would move the English Church in the Scottish direction. Both attempts failed, mainly because of the Queen's opposition. Also, like Elizabeth, Parker was a Nicodemitesomeone who stayed in England during Mary's reign and outwardly conformed to Catholicism. Before 1574, most laymen were not made to take the Oath of Supremacy and the 12d fine for missing a service was poorly enforced. The required an oath of loyalty from the people who recognized Henrys marriage with Anne Boleyn. [83], The persecution of 15811592 changed the nature of Roman Catholicism in England. Elizabeth's bishops protested both moves as revivals of idolatry, arguing that all images were forbidden by the Second Commandment. England was divided between Protestants and Catholics. Elizabethan Settlement Act of Supremacy and . The Queen still believed there should be a division between the chancel and the rest of the church. This receptionist view had much in common with John Calvin's Eucharistic theology. The Queen did not approve, disliking any attempt to undermine the concept of religious uniformity and her own religious settlement. [39] This theory has been challenged by Christopher Haigh, who argues that Elizabeth wanted radical reform but was pushed in a conservative direction by the House of Lords. The ornaments and vestments of the Church were retained. [105], At the start of his reign, Puritans presented the Millenary Petition to the King. [45], According to the injunctions, church images that were superstitiously abused were condemned as idolatry, but the commissioners mandated the destruction of all pictures and images. The Holy Communion was written in vague words, such that both the Catholics and Protestants could be a part of the religious meet. The bishops, however, did not accept this and most of them had to step down. They would spend more money on buying Bibles and prayer books and replacing chalices with communion cups (a chalice was designed for the priest alone whereas a communion cup was larger and to be used by the whole congregation). Religion became a very divisive factor in peoples lives in England when Protestant ideas challenged the dominance of the Catholic Church of Rome. [59] The impressment of boys for service as singers in St. Paul's Cathedral and the royal chapel continued during this period. The Elizabethan period in England had a daily life based on social order: the monarch as the highest, the nobility as second rank, the gentry as third, merchants as fourth, and laborers as fifth.The queen was believed to be Gods representation here on Earth. The term Supreme Head was avoided because Christ was seen as Head of the Church. We were all brought up to be Christians of one sort or another. While broad and ambiguous, this provision was meant to reassure Catholics that they would have some protection. Henry was also given the title of Defender of Faith by the Pope. In October 1559, she ordered that a crucifix and candlesticks be placed on the communion table in the Chapel Royal. Elizabeth had been brought up as a Protestant, but she wanted to avoid too much reform. Most of the parish clergy were Catholics. Twenty bishops (all Roman Catholics)[22] sat in the House of Lords as Lords Spiritual, and the Lords in general were opposed to change. All of the leading clergymen were Protestants and former exiles (Robert Horne, Thomas Becon, Thomas Bentham, John Jewel, Edwin Sandys, and Richard Davies), and they interpreted the injunctions in the most Protestant way possible. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. [118] Although Elizabeth I "cannot be credited with a prophetic latitudinarian policy which foresaw the rich diversity of Anglicanism", her preferences made it possible. There was also a growing number of Puritans. This bill would have returned the Church to its position at the death of Henry VIII rather than to that when Edward VI died. 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