Aux XVe et XVIesicle, Venise est menace par deux vastes empires territoriaux: la monarchie de Habsbourg, dont la branche autrichienne tient Trieste et une partie de la cte nord tandis que la branche espagnole occupe les possessions napolitaines, et l'Empire ottoman, solidement tabli dans les Balkans. In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Poland, Denmark, and Sweden fought wars for Dominium maris baltici ("Lordship over the Baltic Sea"). The surface area is about 349,644km2 (134,998sqmi) [23] and the volume is about 20,000km3 (4,800cumi). All aquatic mammals crucially depend on the availability of open water; they have very limited ability to maintain breathing holes in ice and are all vulnerable to attacks by the polar bear when breathing at the holes. L'Adriatique se trouve sur la plaque adriatique qui s'tait spare de l'Afrique durant le Msozoque. The difference in the average temperature from one year to another can be as high as 4 C (7 F). Vol. The iconic sediment interval for examining and dating the PETM is a core recovered in 1987 by the Ocean Drilling Program at Hole 690B at Maud Rise in the South Atlantic Ocean. [12] Another explanation is that, while derived from the aforementioned root, the name of the sea is related to names for various forms of water and related substances in several European languages, that might have been originally associated with colors found in swamps (compare Proto-Slavic *bolto "swamp"). Sweden's defeat in the Great Northern War brought Russia to the eastern coast. The White Sea (Russian: , Bloye mre; Karelian and Finnish: Vienanmeri, lit.Dvina Sea; Nenets: , Serako yam) is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia.It is surrounded by Karelia to the west, the Kola Peninsula to the north, and the Kanin Peninsula to the northeast. [76], The presence of later (smaller) warming events of a global scale, such as the Elmo horizon (aka ETM2), has led to the hypothesis that the events repeat on a regular basis, driven by maxima in the 400,000 and 100,000 year eccentricity cycles in the Earth's orbit. Dual Gamma Ray Tool (dgr) [29] Scientists have investigated effects of climate change on chemistry of the oceans by exploring oceanic changes during the PETM. Terminology. [28] A similar pattern can be seen in the Gotland Basin, which is located between the island of Gotland and Latvia. Drift ice was also observed on 11 May 1799.[34][35][36]. The narrowest part of Little Belt is the "Middelfart Sund" near Middelfart.[4]. These have caused numerous shipwrecks, and contributed to the extreme difficulties of rescuing passengers of the ferry M/S Estonia en route from Tallinn, Estonia, to Stockholm, Sweden, in September 1994, which claimed the lives of 852 people. Sur cette version linguistique de Wikipdia, les liens interlangues sont placs en haut droite du titre de larticle. This monthly summary, developed by scientists at NOAAs National Centers for Environmental Information, is part of the suite of climate services NOAA provides to government, business, academia and the public to support informed decision-making.. [28] Generally, offshore locations, lower latitudes and islands maintain maritime climates, but adjacent to the water continental climates are common, especially on the Gulf of Finland. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places. About 85million people live in the Baltic drainage basin, 15million within 10km (6mi) of the coast and 29million within 50km (31mi) of the coast. In Warnemnde about 110 floods occurred from 1950 to 2000, an average of just over two per year. Sea otter Geographers widely agree that the preferred physical border of the Baltic is a line drawn through the southern Danish islands, Drogden-Sill and Langeland. [2] The exact age and duration of the event is uncertain but it is estimated to have occurred around 55.5 million years ago. Wikipedia In the deep of these basins the temperature variations are smaller. After the unification of Germany in 1871, the whole southern coast became German. The Baltic then separated opposing military blocs: NATO and the Warsaw Pact. In Sweden, the sea was then referred to as Mare Nostrum Balticum ("Our Baltic Sea"). Natural Gamma Ray Tool (gr) 3 different Tools) to widen the search (logical OR) The latest strong earthquake occurred on 15 April 2010 and had the magnitude of 5.1. Another usual border is the line between Falsterbo, Sweden, and Stevns Klint, Denmark, as this is the southern border of resund. [6] Subsequently, it was noted that the CIE spanned 10 or 11 subtle cycles in various sediment properties, such as Fe content. On the other hand, there are suggestions that surges of activity occurred in the later stages of the volcanism and associated continental rifting. The flag-placing during Arktika 2007 generated commentary on and concern for a race for control of the Arctic's vast hydrocarbon resources. Salton Sea This entailed a 3 mile very rugged overland hike to get to the edge of the sea and then more hard work over a couple of miles of broken flat sea-ice with a substantial snow covering. The biggest coastal cities (by population): The Baltic Sea somewhat resembles a riverbed, with two tributaries, the Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Bothnia. The proposal intends to use wind-driven pumps to inject oxygen (air) into waters at, or around, 130m below sea level. In Peter the Great and the West: New Perspectives. La temprature sa surface s'lve environ 24C en t et 12C en hiver, ce qui a pour effet de rendre le climat autour du bassin adriatique assez doux. Antarctica Around 22million live in population centers of over 250,000. The gleaming expanse of ice is similar to the Arctic, with wind-driven pack ice and ridges up to 15m (49ft). Hostile Environment Litho-Density Sonde (hlds) For example, in the marine realm, a mass extinction of benthic foraminifera, a global expansion of subtropical dinoflagellates, and an appearance of excursion, planktic foraminifera and calcareous nanofossils all occurred during the beginning stages of PETM. Drogden Sill (depth of 7m (23ft)) sets a limit to resund and Darss Sill (depth of 18m (59ft)), and a limit to the Belt Sea. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Tool (LWD) (nmr-lwd) Division of Marine and Large Programs | Scientific Ocean Drilling This can be ascertained from the composition of sediment cores recovered during the Arctic Coring Expedition (ACEX) at 87N on Lomonosov Ridge. However, additional hyperthermals probably occurred at about 53.6 Ma (H-2), 53.3 (I-1), 53.2 (I-2) and 52.8 Ma (informally called K, X or ETM-3). Since 1980 it has been much less frequent, although a very large inflow occurred in 2014.[28]. Magnetic Susceptibility Sonde (mss) Very cold year-round, approx. Because of the large year-to-year variability in Antarctic sea ice extent the scientists cannot be sure if the ice in the Weddell Sea will in the short-term recover to the values seen before 2016 or whether they are seeing the start of the expected long-term decline of sea ice. Accelerator Porosity Sonde (aps) The present contracting parties are Denmark, Estonia, the European Community, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Sweden. The total duration of the CIE can be estimated in several ways. In the northernmost reaches of the Bothnian Bay, ice usually stays until late May; by early June it is practically always gone. sea Modular Temperature Tool (mtt) The Baltic Sea is the main trade route for the export of Russian petroleum. Phytoplankton bloom in the Norwegian Sea. About 48% of the region is forested, with Sweden and Finland containing the majority of the forest, especially around the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. Norwegian Sea In some records of bulk carbonate, it is about 2 (per mil); in some records of terrestrial carbonate or organic matter it exceeds 6. Models show that there are possible mechanisms to quickly transport heat to the shallow, clathrate-containing ocean shelves, given the right bathymetric profile, but the models cannot yet match the distribution of data we observe. Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool (ngt) In summer, this area now has a third less sea ice, which will have implications for ocean circulation and the marine wildlife of the region that depend on it for their survival.. "New patrol ships will reassert northern sovereignty: PM". Certainly, the central Arctic Ocean was ice-free before, during, and after the PETM. The Arctic was also more restricted. Eventually, it was Sweden that virtually encompassed the Baltic Sea. Herbivores on the tundra include the Arctic hare, lemming, muskox, and caribou. Since the Viking Age, the Scandinavians have referred to the Baltic Sea as Austmarr ("Eastern Lake"). [1], The climate is Arctic with frequent storms, especially in winter. ", "Sturmfluten an der deutschen Ostseekste", "Natural Hazards and Extreme Events in the Baltic Sea region", "Hydrogeography and oxygen in the deep basins", "The Baltic Sea: Its Past, Present and Future", "Land Use and Population Density in the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin: A GIS Database", "UFO at the Bottom of the Baltic Sea? This is the largest known earthquake north of the Arctic Circle. [70], Other notable megafauna include the basking sharks. This can take place over as short of a period as a few thousand years. 3-Component Well Seismic Tool (wst-3) The West Coast of Greenland. [69] Further phases of volcanic activity could have triggered the release of more methane, and caused other early Eocene warm events such as the ETM2. [14], At the start of the PETM, average global temperatures increased by approximately 6C (11F) within about 20,000years. Dual Induction Tool (dit) Endurance was the three-masted barquentine in which Sir Ernest Shackleton and a crew of 27 men sailed for the Antarctic on the 19141917 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.The ship, originally named Polaris, was built at Framns shipyard and launched in 1912 from Sandefjord in Norway.After her commissioners could no longer pay the shipyard, the ship was bought by [10], Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56km (35mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking. Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander: Is Russia a revisionist military power in the Arctic? The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of Baffin Bay as follows:[6]. The convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area, 1992, entered into force on 17 January 2000. The Arctic includes copious natural resources (oil, gas, minerals, fresh water, fish and, if the subarctic is included, forest) to which modern technology and the economic opening up of Russia have given significant new opportunities. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2002. Of these two seals, only the Baltic ringed seal suffers when there is not adequate ice in the Baltic Sea, as it feeds its young only while on ice. Russia's Peter the Great saw the strategic importance of the Baltic and decided to found his new capital, Saint Petersburg, at the mouth of the Neva river at the east end of the Gulf of Finland. [91] Diversifications suggest that productivity increased in near-shore environments, which would have been warm and fertilized by run-off, outweighing the reduction in productivity in the deep oceans. adnVISION (adnvision) For example, the surface and bottom salinity in the Great Belt is typically around 2.0% and 2.8% respectively, which is only somewhat below that of the Kattegat. Hole+Tool) to narrow the search (logical AND). Ultrasonic Borehole Imager (ubi) The Western and Eastern Gotland basins form the major parts of the Central Baltic Sea or Baltic proper. L'Empire autrichien (devenu en 1867 austro-hongrois) doit faire face la rivalit du nouveau royaume d'Italie proclam en 1861, soutenu par le Second Empire franais puis par le royaume de Prusse et qui s'empare de la Vntie en 1866. It ended only after the collapse of the Communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe in the late 1980s. 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